Cross-Border Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Global Education Industry

This paper focuses on the so-called shadow education provision of private supplementary tutoring by companies operating internationally. Some have a history decades, while others are younger and emerged to take advantage technological developments. Contributing analysis Global Education Industry, notes variations in penetration manifestation across world regions. In so doing, it draws theories isomorphism, noting divergence as well convergence institutional models. The includes remarks regulatory regimes, many which permit even facilitate such international companies, but some – most obviously China restrict their operation. Thus, conceptually analyses patterns with understanding forces these economic (pricing, marketing, etc.), political (shaped particularly government regulations), social different socio-economic groups within countries question).